Sources & Credits
This page acknowledges the archival collections, institutional repositories, published works, government documents, digital media, and private collection materials used in the creation of this digital exhibit. Object captions throughout the exhibit provide item-level credits whenever possible. This page brings those sources together in one location for transparency, attribution, and further reference.
Archival Collections and Institutional Sources
The following archival collections and institutional sources provided materials, images, documents, or historical context for the physical and digital versions of this exhibit. Individual object captions throughout the exhibit provide item titles, dates, descriptions, and repository credits whenever available.
Screen Actors Guild–American Federation of Television and Radio Artists (SAG-AFTRA) Archives
Selected strike materials, union ephemera, posters, buttons, newspaper clippings, magazines, testimony documents, and Hollywood labor materials from the SAG-AFTRA Archives appear throughout the exhibit. These materials support sections on performers’ unions, the 1929 Actors’ Equity strike, SAG and AFTRA labor history, the 1978–79 commercial strike, the 1980 actors’ strike, the 1981 Writers Guild strike, the 1987 voice actors’ strike, the 1988 Writers Guild strike, the 1941 Disney Animators’ Strike, the Conference of Studio Unions, and anti-communist investigations in Hollywood labor.
Hollywood Studio Strike Collection, Collection 226
Library Special Collections, Charles E. Young Research Library, UCLA. Selected materials from this collection appear in sections discussing the Conference of Studio Unions, IATSE, the Hollywood studio strikes of the 1940s, jurisdictional conflict, strike propaganda, gangsterism, anti-communism, and labor rhetoric.
Motion Picture Screen Cartoonists Guild, Local 839 Collection
Special Collections and Archives, University Library, California State University, Northridge. Selected materials from this collection appear in sections on animation labor, the Screen Cartoonists Guild, the 1941 Disney Animators’ Strike, the Looney Tunes lockout, gangsterism, Willie Bioff, and the politics of labor representation in Hollywood animation.
Writers Guild Foundation Archives
Selected materials related to the Writers Guild of America and the 2007–08 WGA strike appear in the exhibit, including materials connected to strike organization, strike captains, picket lines, and the Guild’s fight over new media.
California State University, Los Angeles Special Collections and Archives
The original physical version of this exhibit was displayed at California State University, Los Angeles Special Collections and Archives from May 19, 2023, to January 11, 2024. Materials from Cal State LA collections, including scripts, press kits, music scores, and related Hollywood materials, helped introduce the entertainment industry context of the exhibition.
Margaret Herrick Library, Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences
Materials from the Association of Motion Picture and Television Producers records, including Eric Johnston’s 1946 address “Utopia is Production,” informed the exhibit’s discussion of jurisdictional strikes, postwar labor backlash, and the political climate that helped shape the Taft-Hartley Act.
Research Sources and Further Reading
The following published works informed the research, interpretation, and historical context of this digital exhibit. Some were displayed in the original physical exhibition, while others were used during the development of the exhibit text, captions, and contextual panels.
Primary Sources:
“Conciliator Acts in Disney Strike: Stanley White Confers With Studio and Union Chiefs in 39-Day Tie-up.” Los Angeles Times. July 5, 1941. http://mimas.calstatela.edu/login?url=https://www.proquest.com/historical-newspapers/conciliator-acts-disney-strike/docview/165183256/se-2?accountid=10352.
Crowther. Bosley. “McBoing Boing, Magoo and Bosustow: Madeline’ the Dog Snatcher’ Willie the Kid.’” New York Times, Dec. 21, 1952. http://mimas.calstatela.edu/login?url=https://www.proquest.com/historical-newspapers/mcboing-boing-magoo-bosustow/docview/112406543/se-2?accountid=10352.
Culhane, Shamus. Talking Animals and Other People. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1986.
“Disney Cartoonists Ask for Election: Nonstrikers Forward Appeal to Labor Board.” Los Angeles Times. June 18, 1941. http://mimas.calstatela.edu/login?url=https://www.proquest.com/historical-newspapers/disney-cartoonists-ask-election/docview/165239927/se-2?accountid=10352.
“Disney Says Studio to Stay Open Despite Strike Threat.” Los Angeles Times. May 28, 1941. http://mimas.calstatela.edu/login?url=https://www.proquest.com/historical- newspapers/disney-says-studio-stay-open-despite-strike/docview/165168756/se-2?accountid=10352.
“Disney Strike is Ended: Return to Work Today Pending U.S. Mediation is Arranged.” New York Times. July 29, 1941. http://mimas.calstatela.edu/login?url=https://www.proquest.com/historical-newspapers/disney-strike-is-ended/docview/106014675/se-2?accountid=10352.
“Disney Strike Tangle Told: Communists and Labor Board Scored in Wire Sent to Washington.” Los Angeles Times. July 15, 1941. http://mimas.calstatela.edu/login?url=https://www.proquest.com/historical-newspapers/disney-strike-tangle-told/docview/165251994/se-2?accountid=10352.
“Group Formed in Hollywood to Fight Reds.” Chicago Sunday Tribune, Feb. 6, 1944. https://chicagotribune.newspapers.com/image/372691907/?terms=group%20formed%20hollywood%20to%20fight%20reds&match=1.
Jones, Chuck. Chuck Amuck: The Life and Times of an Animated Cartoonist. New York: Avon Books, 1989.
Kinolibrary Archive Film Collections. “1947 Walt Disney Testifies at HUAC.” YouTube video. Accessed May 26, 2026. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kJLQ3efGG4k.
Kinney, Jack. Walt Disney and Assorted Other Characters: An Unauthorized Account of the Early Years at Disney’s. New York: Harmony Books, 1988.
“Mediation Planned in Disney Strike: Federal Representative Will Be Here Monday.” Los Angeles Times. July 25, 1941. http://mimas.calstatela.edu/login?url=https://www.proquest.com/historical-newspapers/mediation-planned-disney-strike/docview/165207842/se-2?accountid=10352.
“Nine Unions End Strike at Disney’s: Break Between A.F.L. Locals Leaves Only Screen Cartoon Guild Members Still Out.” Los Angeles Times. July 9, 1941. http://mimas.calstatela.edu/login?url=https://www.proquest.com/historical-newspapers/nine-unions-end-strike-at-disneys/docview/165221409/se-2?accountid=10352.
Peet, Bill. Bill Peet: An Autobiography. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 1989.
Peri, Don. Working with Walt: Interviews with Disney Artists. Jackson: University Press of Mississippi, 2008.
“Sorrell Guilty in Film Strike, Jurors Decide.” Los Angeles Times, April 28, 1946. https://www.proquest.com/historical-newspapers/sorrell-guilty-film-strike-jurors-decide/docview/165636704/se-2?accountid=10352.
"The Testimony of Walter E. Disney Before the House Committee on Un-American Activities," 80th Cong. (1947) (statement of Walter E. Disney). https://www.disneydreamer.com/walt-disney-testimony-before-house-committee-transcript/.
Secondary sources:
Abrams, Brett L. “The First Hollywood Blacklist: The Major Studios Deal with the Conference of Studio Unions, 1941-47.” Southern California Quarterly 77, no. 3 (1995): 215-253. https://csu-la.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01CALS_ULA/tnjv5q/cdi_crossref_primary_10_2307_41171765.
Allen, Frederick Lewis. Since Yesterday: The 1930s in America, September 3, 1929 - September 3, 1939. New York: Open Road Media, 2015.
Alliance of Motion Picture and Television Producers. “SAG-AFTRA and AMPTP Reach Tentative Agreement on Successor to the 2023 SAG-AFTRA TV/Theatrical Contracts.” May 2, 2026. https://amptp.org/sag-aftra-and-amptp-reach-tentative-agreement-on-successor-to-the-2023-sag-aftra-tv-theatrical-contracts/.
Alliance of Motion Picture and Television Producers. “Tentative Agreement Reached with the WGA.” Accessed May 29, 2026. https://amptp.org/tentative-agreement-reached-with-the-wga/.
Ashby, LeRoy. With Amusement for All: A History of American Popular Culture since 1830. Lexington: The University Press of Kentucky, 2006.
Associated Press. “Hollywood Actors Approve Deal to End Strike After Nearly Four Months.” AP News, December 2023. https://apnews.com/article/actors-strike-contract-a7a529acaf6b5b38aac93722db54c193
Barrier, Michael. Hollywood Cartoons: American Animation in its Golden Age. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999.
Bashara, Dan. “Cartoon Vision: UPA, Precisionism and American Modernism.” Animation: An Interdisciplinary Journal 10, no. 2 (2015): 82-101. https://csu-la.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01CALS_ULA/tnjv5q/cdi_crossref_primary_10_1177_1746847715587421.
Batkin, Jane. “Framing Snow White: Preservation, Nostalgia and the American Way in the 1930s.” In Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs: New Perspectives on Production, Reception, Legacy. Edited by Chris Pallant and Christopher Holliday. New York: Bloomsbury Academic, 2021. https://eprints.lincoln.ac.uk/id/eprint/44786/1/9781501351198.ch-008.pdf.
Cipollini, Christian. “Hollywood Fixer Willie Bioff Killed in Automobile Blast 70 Years Ago.” The Mob Museum, November 14, 2025. https://themobmuseum.org/blog/hollywood-fixer-willie-bioff-killed-in-automobile-blast-70-years-ago/
Cohen, Karl. “Toontown’s Reds: HUAC’s Investigation of Alleged Communists in the Animation Industry.” Film History 5, no. 2 (1993): 190–203. http://www.jstor.org/stable/27670720.
Davies, Philip, and Iwan W. Morgan, Hollywood and the Great Depression: American Film, Politics and Society in the 1930s, Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2016.
Deneroff, Harvey. “‘We Can ’t Get Much Spinach!’ The Organization and Implementation of the Fleischer Animation Strike.” Film History 1, no 1 (1987): 1-14. https://www.jstor.org/stable/3815036.
Denning, Michael. The Cultural Front: The Laboring of American Culture in the Twentieth Century. London: Verso, 1998.
Fordham Journal of Corporate & Financial Law. “Writers Guild of America Strike Resolution: AI Restrictions and Implications.” October 25, 2023. https://news.law.fordham.edu/jcfl/2023/10/25/writers-guild-of-america-wga-strike-resolution-ai-restrictions-and-implications/
The Guardian. “US Actors’ Strike 2023.” Accessed May 29, 2026. https://www.theguardian.com/culture/us-actors--strike-2023
Handel, Jonathan. Hollywood on Strike: An Industry at War in the Internet Age. Los Angeles: Hollywood Analytics, 2011.
Humphries, Reynold. “Hollywood Strikes, the Right Strikes Back.” In Hollywood’s Blacklists: A Political and Cultural History, 62–74. Edinburgh University Press, 2010. http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.3366/j.ctt1r2bh5.8.
Kinder, Molly. “Hollywood Writers Went on Strike to Protect Their Livelihoods from Generative AI. Their Remarkable Victory Matters for All Workers.” Brookings Institution, October 2023. https://www.brookings.edu/articles/hollywood-writers-went-on-strike-to-protect-their-livelihoods-from-generative-ai-their-remarkable-victory-matters-for-all-workers/
Littleton, Cynthia. TV on Strike: Why Hollywood Went to War over the Internet. Syracuse: Syracuse University Press, 2013.
Longoria, Richard T. “George Murphy: A Celebrity Politician.” Southern California Quarterly 104, no. 2 (2022): 201–27. https://www.jstor.org/stable/27194925.
Los Angeles Times Staff. “Writers’ Strike: What Happened, How It Ended and Its Impact on Hollywood.” Los Angeles Times, May 1, 2023. Updated October 19, 2023. https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/business/story/2023-05-01/writers-strike-what-to-know-wga-guild-hollywood-productions
Mollet, Tracey Louise. Cartoons in Hard Times: The Animated Shorts of Disney and Warner Brothers in Depression and War 1932-1945. New York: Bloomsbury Academic, 2017.
Patten, Dominic. “WGA Ratifies 4-Year Deal With AMPTP.” Deadline, April 2026. https://deadline.com/2026/04/wga-ratifies-4-year-deal-amptp-1236871108/
Pierce, Todd J. The Life and Times of Ward Kimball: Maverick of Disney Animation. University Press of Mississippi, 2019.
Robb, David. “SAG-AFTRA Board Approves Four-Year AMPTP Deal.” Deadline, May 2026. https://deadline.com/2026/05/sag-aftra-board-approves-four-year-amptp-deal-1236898612/.
SAG-AFTRA. “Joint Release: SAG-AFTRA and AMPTP Reach Tentative Agreement on Successor to the 2023 SAG-AFTRA TV/Theatrical Contracts.” Accessed May 29, 2026. https://www.sagaftra.org/joint-release-sag-aftra-and-amptp-reach-tentative-agreement-successor-2023-sag-aftra-tvtheatrical.
SAG-AFTRA. “SAG-AFTRA and AMPTP Agree to Media Blackout for 2026 Contract Negotiations.” Accessed May 29, 2026. https://www.sagaftra.org/sag-aftra-and-amptp-agree-media-blackout-2026-contract-negotiations.
SAG-AFTRA. “SAG-AFTRA and AMPTP Joint Statement.” Accessed May 29, 2026. https://www.sagaftra.org/sag-aftra-and-amptp-joint-statement.
Shindler, Colin. Hollywood Goes to War: Films and American Society, 1939-1952. London: Routledge & K. Paul, 1979.
Sito, Tom. Drawing the Line: The Untold Story of the Animation Unions from Bosko to Bart Simpson. Lexington: The University Press of Kentucky,
2006.
Storrs, Landon R.Y. The Second Red Scare and the Unmaking of the New Deal Left. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2013. https:la.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01CALS_ULA/11bqoo1/alma991010330789702901.
Today. “Hollywood Actors SAG Strike 2023 Explained.” Accessed May 29, 2026. https://www.today.com/popculture/hollywood-actors-sag-strike-2023-explained-rcna94122
UCLA Anderson School of Management. “Hollywood Restructuring and the Writers and Actors Strikes of 2023.” Accessed May 29, 2026. https://www.anderson.ucla.edu/news-and-events/hollywood-restructuring-and-writers-and-actors-strikes-2023
Writers Guild of America West. “A History of WGA Contract Negotiations and Gains.” Accessed May 29, 2026. https://www.wga.org/the-guild/about-us/history/a-history-of-wga-contract-negotiations-and-gains
Writers Guild of America West. “WGA Ratifies 2026 Minimum Basic Agreement With AMPTP.” April 24, 2026. https://www.wga.org/events/news/press/wga-ratifies-2026-minimum-basic-agreement-with-amptp.
Writers Guild of America. “Why We Strike.” WGA Contract 2023. Accessed May 29, 2026. https://www.wgacontract2023.org/member-voices/why-we-strike.
Government, Legal, and Testimony Sources
This section acknowledges the laws, court cases, government documents, and formal testimonies cited throughout the exhibit as primary evidence of the legal and political landscape of Hollywood labor. Examples include the Clayton Antitrust Act, the National Industrial Recovery Act, the Wagner Act, the Fair Labor Standards Act, the Taft-Hartley Act, United States v. Paramount Pictures, Walt Disney’s 1947 HUAC testimony, and other critical legal sources that define the historical record of union struggle and regulation.
The Testimony of Walter E. Disney Before the House Committee on Un-American Activities, 80th Cong. (1947) (statement of Walter E. Disney). https://www.disneydreamer.com/walt-disney-testimony-before-house-committee-transcript/.
United States Congress. An Act of October 15, 1914, Public Law 63-212, 38 STAT 730, to Supplement Existing Laws Against Unlawful Restraints and Monopolies, and for Other Purposes (Clayton Antitrust Act of 1914). 63rd Cong., 2nd Session. National Archives NextGen Catalog.
United States Congress. An Act of June 16, 1933, Public Law 73-67, 48 STAT 195, to Encourage National Industrial Recovery, to Foster Fair Compensation, and to Provide for the Construction of Certain Useful Public Works, and for Other Purposes (National Industrial Recovery Act). 73rd Cong. National Archives NextGen Catalog.
United States Congress. Act of July 5, 1935, Public Law 74-198, 49 Stat 449, to Diminish the Causes of Labor Disputes Burdening or Obstructing Interstate and Foreign Commerce, to Create a National Labor Relations Board, and for Other Purposes (National Labor Relations Act / Wagner Act). 74th Cong. National Archives NextGen Catalog.
United States Congress. Senate. Committee On Education and Labor, and Hugo Lafayette Black. Fair labor standards act ... Report. [Washington, U. S. Govt. print. off, 1937] Pdf. https://www.loc.gov/item/37026762/.Taft-Hartley Act.
United States Congress. Act of June 23, 1947 (“Taft-Hartley Act”) Public Law 80-101, 61 STAT 136, “to amend the National Labor Relations Act, to provide additional facilities for the equalize legal disputes affecting commerce, to equalize legal responsibilities of labor unions and employers, and for other purposes.” 80th Cong. National Archives NextGen Catalog.
United States v. Paramount Pictures, Inc., 334 U.S. 131 (1948). U.S. Reports: United States v. Paramount Pictures, 334 U.S. 131 (1948). (loc.gov).
U.S. President. Proclamation. “Bank Holiday, March 6-9, 1933, Proclamation 2039 of March 5, 1933.” 1933-PR-2039.pdf (proquest.com).
U.S. President. Proclamation. “Continuing in Force the Bank Holiday Proclamation of March 6, 1933, Proclamation 2040 of March 9, 1933.” 1933-PR-2039.pdf (proquest.com).
Rights and Use Note
This digital exhibit includes selected archival materials, photographs, publication covers, document images, embedded media, and privately held materials for educational, interpretive, and noncommercial public history purposes. Rights remain with their respective holders. Materials are credited to the holding institution, collection, creator, or source whenever known. Some images were photographed from the original physical exhibition or from collection materials used for research and interpretation. Requests for correction, updated crediting, or removal may be directed to the site curator.
This digital exhibit expands upon the original physical exhibition, which opened at California State University, Los Angeles Special Collections and Archives on May 19, 2023.